Allergic reactions occur when the body's immune system responds to a substance it perceives as harmful, known as an allergen. While allergies are common and most reactions are mild, even seemingly mild reactions can escalate to severe levels within minutes.
A severe allergic reaction, or anaphylaxis, is life-threatening and can rapidly become a medical emergency. Anaphylaxis triggers the immune system to release a flood of chemicals that can lead to shock, causing a drastic drop in blood pressure and narrowing of the airways.
In this article, we will explore the causes of allergic reactions, identify their signs and symptoms, and outline the essential first aid actions necessary to address both mild and severe reactions, ensuring prompt and effective management.
What Causes an Allergic reaction?
An allergic reaction occurs when the immune system overreacts to a substance (allergen) as if it were harmful, even though the substance is usually harmless. Common triggers for allergic reactions include:
-
Food Allergens: Certain foods, such as peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, soy, wheat, fish, and shellfish, can cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals.
-
Insect Stings and Bites: Venom from bee stings, wasp stings, ant bites, and other insect bites can trigger allergic reactions.
-
Medications: Some medications, including antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and certain prescription drugs, can cause allergic reactions.
-
Vaccines: Certain vaccines may contain allergenic components that can trigger allergic reactions in some individuals.
-
Airborne Allergens: Substances like pollen, mold spores, pet dander, and dust mites can trigger allergic reactions in some people, leading to conditions like hay fever or asthma.
-
Environmental Allergens: Exposure to certain environmental factors, such as latex, or chemicals can also trigger allergic reactions.
NOTE: Allergic reactions can be mild or severe. Mild allergies are quite common. However, some reactions that seem mild can become severe within minutes.
Signs of Mild Allergic Reactions
Recognizing the early signs is crucial in distinguishing mild allergic reactions from more severe manifestations.
Here are some common indicators to be aware of:
-
A stuffy nose, sneezing,
-
Mild nausea, stomach cramps
-
Itching around the eyes,
-
Itching of the skin,
-
Raised, red rash on the skin (hives)
Signs of Severe allergic reactions
As the allergic reaction progresses to a severe state, it's imperative to recognize the signs of a severe allergic reaction that demand immediate attention and intervention.
Here are some common indicators to be aware of:
-
Trouble breathing,
-
Swelling of the body, especially the tongue, mouth and face,
-
Severe nausea, vomiting,
-
Loss of sphincter control (urination, defecation),
-
Signs of shock.
-
Loss of consciousness.
NOTE: Vigilance is essential, as a severe allergic reaction can quickly turn into a life-threatening medical emergency.
What is Epinephrine?
Epinephrine is a drug that can stop a severe allergic reaction. It is available by prescription as a self-injectable pen device called an "epinephrine pen".
People who are known to have severe allergic reactions are encouraged to carry epinephrine pens with them at all times.
Choosing and Administering the Right Epinephrine Pen
There are two types of epinephrine pens: spring-activated and electronic. They are different for children and adults. So, be sure you are using the correct prescribed device and administering the right dosage.
If a person has an epinephrine pen, he will generally know how and when to use it. You may help give the person an injection if you have been trained and your country and employer allow it. The epinephrine injection is given on the side of the thigh.
NOTE: Dosage is typically 0.3 mg of epinephrine for adults and 0.15 mg for children. Ensure to check the expiration date on the epinephrine pen to guarantee its effectiveness.
Steps to use an Epinephrine Pen in case of a Severe Allergic Reaction
A severe allergic reaction can be life-threatening.
Follow these steps to help someone with signs of a severe allergic reaction use his epinephrine pen:
-
Make sure the scene is safe: Before approaching the victim, assess the scene for any potential hazards to ensure your safety and the safety of others.
-
Call for help: Call your local emergency number if you recognize the signs and symptoms of a severe allergic reaction. Ask someone to call 1.6.6.9 and to bring a first aid kit and an AED.
-
Ask permission to help: Before administering the injection, politely ask for permission to provide assistance.
-
Confirm Medication Availability: Prior to administering the injection, inquire if the person has their prescribed epinephrine auto-injector readily available for use in case of an allergic reaction.
-
Read and follow instructions: Ensure to carefully read and adhere to the instructions provided with the epinephrine pen for proper usage.
-
Hold pen correctly: Make sure you are holding the pen in your fist without touching either end because the needle comes out of one end.
-
Remove the safety cap: Safely remove the cap covering the needle end of the epinephrine pen.
-
Secure the leg: Hold the leg firmly in place just before and during the injection.
-
Empty the pocket: Make sure that there is no object (wallet, cell phone...) in the pocket where you are supposed to deliver the injection.
-
Administer injection: Press the tip of the injector hard against the side of the person's thigh, about halfway between the hip and the knee.
-
Hold injector in place: For EpiPen and Epipen Junior injectors, hold the injector in place for 3 seconds. Some other injectors may be held in place for up to 10 seconds. Be familiar with the manufacturer's instructions for the type of injector you are using.
-
Withdraw the pen: Pull the pen straight out, making sure you don't put your fingers over the end that has been pressed against the person's thigh.
-
Rub Injection Site: Either the person getting the injection or the person giving the injection should rub the injection spot for about 10 seconds.
-
Note Time of Injection: It is important to record the time when the injection was administered as this information is important to provide to medical professionals for proper assessment and treatment.
-
Dispose of Pen Properly: Give the pen to the emergency medical professionals for proper disposal.
NOTE: You can give the injection through clothes or on bare skin. Consider giving a second dose, if available.
Dispose of the Epinephrine Pen Correctly
It's important to dispose of needles correctly so that no one gets stuck. Follow your company's sharps disposal policy. If you don't know what to do, give the needle to someone with more advanced training (EMT or paramedic).
NOTE: If possible, save a sample of what caused the allergic reaction.
Conclusion
Allergic reactions can range from mild to severe, with anaphylaxis being a potentially life-threatening emergency. Recognizing the signs and understanding the causes of allergic reactions are crucial for timely and effective intervention. Whether dealing with common allergens like food, insect stings, or medications, knowing how to respond appropriately can save lives.
Always carry an epinephrine pen if you have severe allergies and ensure you know how to use it correctly. By staying informed and prepared, you can effectively manage allergic reactions and safeguard your health and the health of those around you.